HISTORY 123: ENGLAND TO 1688

LECTURE SLIDES

English History to 1688

History 123

History 123, 2009

Syllabus is at http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123outline.htm

Lecture outlines at http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/contents.htm

Weekly readings at http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123brief.htm

Home page: http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/

    Click on “Essays and papers” for information on how to do exams and term papers well.

Requirements

Two Midterms (in class 10/09, 11/23)

A final (Monday 12/21, 10:05 AM; place to be announced)

Four credit students do a 5-6 page paper due 10/30

Honors students do an extra paper, due 12/14

Attend discussion section; attendance and participation there count for 20% of the grade. Contact your TA if you need to miss discussion.

Readings: your TA will provide details

How much are the exams (etc.) worth?

3 credit students: classroom participation 20%; each mid-term 20%; final 40%

4 credit students: classroom participation 20%; term paper 25%; each mid-term 13.75%; final 27.5%

3 credit honors students: classroom participation 20%; term paper 25%; each mid-term 13.75%; final 27.5%

4 credit honors students: classroom participation 20%; each term paper 15%; each mid-term 12.5%; final 25%

123: Introduction

Geography of the British Isles; small size

How did a group of small islands off the coast of the Northeastern European mainland become a world power?

Influence of England/ Britain through language, culture and the common law

Moderate climate; the Gulf Stream, and winds

Key Terms

England

Scotland

Wales

(Great) Britain

United Kingdom (UK) (= Britain + Northern Ireland)

Ireland

Geography and its effects

Counties/ Shires (52 in England and Wales)

Shire Reeve = Sheriff

Islands/ Isles

England unconquered since 1066 (William the Conqueror)

Social and political conservatism; slow, long-term developments largely uninfluenced from outside

Importance of class distinctions, linked to region

Great Inequalities of wealth; survival of monarchy and aristocracy

Class and Accent

Queen Elizabeth II is descended from the Kings of Wessex in the 500s

An adaptable upper class; an open aristocracy/ nobility; London and the Grosvenor Dukes of Westminster; Chelsea

Received Pronunciation (RP)

Oxbridge (Oxford and Cambridge); Public Schools

England’s early revolution: the English Revolution (1640s) and Restoration (1660)

Regional accents: Scouse (Liverpool; Beatles); Cockney (London) (also Mockney); Geordie (Newcastle); Brummie (Birmingham)

Regions

Dominance of South and East; good arable land; close to Continental Europe (21 miles from Dover to Calais)

London; the river Thames; the Home Counties (e.g. Kent, the Garden of England; Essex; Middlesex)

Midlands; East Anglia

North, West and Wales hillier and less wealthy; pasture farming common there, especially sheep farming, producing wool and woolen cloth – long England’s main exports

Shires/ counties (from 974; remodeled 1974)

County towns (e.g. Oxford/ Oxfordshire; Cambridge/ Cambridgeshire; Derby/ Derbyshire; Reading/ Berkshire)

Towns, cities, counties, and resources

Yorkshire (three “ridings” = thirdings)

 York; Sheffield; Leeds; Industrial Revolution (late 1700s-1800s)

Lancashire; Liverpool; Manchester

Northumberland; Newcastle; coal

Cornwall: tin; Derbyshire: lead

Midlands: Birmingham; Coventry; iron. Oxford, Northampton

East Anglia: Norwich (Norfolk); Cambridge

West country: Bristol (Gloucestershire); Exeter (Devon)

Wales: silver

Cities; cathedrals; Bishops; Archbishops (Canterbury; York)

Some constant factors

Illiteracy

The Monarchy; Parliament = Monarch + House of Lords + House of Commons; importance of 1688

Poverty and Disease (Black Death 1348-9; plague)

Low population (England and Wales):

         400: 3.5 million     600: 1          1300: 6.5   1450: 2.25           1620: 5      1700: 5.5

         1800: 9             1900: 32.5      2000: 51.9

      (N.B. high modern population density)

England and Wales: Population to 2000

England and Wales: Population to 1700

Monetary Units

      £sd system (£ = pound; s = shilling; d = penny)

      £1 (1 pound) = 20s (20 shillings) (1 guinea = £1 1s)

1s (1 shilling) = 12d (12 pence or pennies)

1 groat = 4d (4 pence)
1 mark = 13s 4d (13 shillings and 4 pence; two thirds of       a pound)
1 noble (later 1 angel) = 6s 8d (6 shillings and 8 pence;    one third of a pound).
Subdivisions of the penny included the halfpenny and        farthing (half and a quarter of a penny respectively)

English History in Outline: to 1066

Roman Britain; Julius Caesar invaded in 55-54 B.C.; Claudius began a war of conquest in 41 A.D., and established the province of Britannia; the Romans withdrew their army in the early 400s.

Anglo-Saxon England, 400s-1066. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes establish kingdoms in England 400s-600s; some kingdoms expand (Wessex, Northumbria, Mercia); others decay. Celtic survival in Cornwall, Wales, Strathclyde.

800s: renewed invasions, this time by Vikings (from Denmark and Norway); they occupy much of northern and central England, but are defeated by Alfred the Great of Wessex; his successors unite England, but the Anglo-Saxon kingdom is destroyed in 1066.

Britannia on a Roman coin of the 140s

Britannia on a twopenny coin of George III, 1797

Britannia on a penny of Elizabeth II, 1962

English History in Outline: the Middle Ages, 1066-1485

1066 William Duke of Normandy (in Northern France) conquered England; he and his successors retained French lands and interests, and often subordinated England to their Continental ambitions

The barons: William shared out English land among his generals, who became a French-speaking aristocracy; under his successors, the crown and the aristocrats – the barons – struggled for power; sometimes the crown experienced grave problems (King John and Magna Carta 1215; Henry III; Edward II; Richard II); other kings were more successful (e.g. Edward I, who conquered Wales in the 1280s and came close to conquering Scotland)

Harlech Castle, built by Edward I after his conquest of Wales in 1283

Outline of the Middle Ages (contd.)

The church: the medieval church was a very wealthy and important international institution, which often came struggled for power with English kings; one high point was the murder of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1170, after a struggle between him and Henry II

The Black Death and later plagues drastically reduced the population in the later 1300s, provoking economic crisis; one result was the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381

English kings waged war in France to defend and increase their possessions; John lost Normandy in 1204; Henry V conquered much of France in the early 1400s; by 1453 the English had lost all their French territory except Calais (lost in 1558)

The Wars of the Roses were civil wars between different factions of the royal family; they ended when Henry Tudor became Henry VII in 1485

Tudors 1485-1603

Subordination of the nobles: Henry VII (1485-1509) established the Tudor dynasty (1485-1603) and subordinated the barons to the crown’s will; castles gave way to country houses

Subordination of the church: Henry VIII (1509-1547) subordinated the church to the state, depriving the pope of all power in England

The Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536-40) and the rise of the gentry

The growth of religious divisions: Elizabeth I (1558-1603) and the threat from puritans and Catholics

War under Elizabeth: Spain, Ireland, and America: the conquest of Ireland; the growth of financial difficulties for the English crown

Charlecote Park, Warwickshire

Stuart England 1603-88

James VI and I (1603-1625) united the crowns of England and Scotland

James I, Charles I (1625-1649), the Divine Right of Kings, and the growth of religious and constitutional conflict between king and parliament

The Civil Wars (1642-6; 1648), and the rise of Oliver Cromwell and the parliamentarian army

Republican experiments 1649-1660

The Restoration 1660; Charles II 1660-1685

James II (1685-1688) and the Glorious Revolution (1688)

Britain before the Romans

Celtic tribes; connected and related to Continental tribes; 58 B.C. Julius Caesar invaded Gaul; Parisi; Atrebates and Commius

Celtic society: kinship central; kings (getting more important; monarchies expanding); nobles; commons; Druids; some powerful women (Boudica of the Iceni; Cartimandua of the Brigantes)

As monarchies grew more powerful, settlements changed from small hill forts to larger lowland communities; two largest towns were Camulodunum (Colchester) and Verulamium (St Albans); coins; Catuvellauni and Trinovantes; Cunobelin

Britain’s wealth; tin; Pytheas of Massilia (c. 325 B.C.)

Gold coin of Cunobelin

Silver coin of Epaticcus, brother of Cunobelin, c. 35 A.D.

Roman Britain I

Early invasions: 55-54 BC

Claudius’ invasion: 43 AD

Boudica’s Revolt.60 AD.

Consolidation; renewed expansion under Agricola78-84 AD.

The battle of Mons Graupius (Grampius) 84 AD.

Hadrian’s Wall and the northern border

The Antonine Wall

Julius Caesar

Augustus

Caligula & Claudius

Cunobelin; Epaticcus; Adminius; Togodumnus; Caratacus

Verica and the Atrebates

Boudica (Iceni)  (Boadicea)

Cartimandua (Brigantes)

Agricola (40-93); Tacitus

Hadrian (76-138)

Antoninus Pius (86-161)

Septimius Severus (146-211)

Claudius, bronze; Hope on reverse

Claudius: a silver coin celebrating his conquests in Britain

Boudica and her daughters (Victorian statue at Westminster bridge)

Hadrian’s Wall

Roman Walls

Roman Britain II

Villas

Roman Roads

Growth of Cities

Germanic invasions; the Saxon shore

An independent Britain in the 280s-290s

Army recalled: early 400s

Christianity in Britain (St Alban)

The Roman Legacy

Castra (-cester; -chester; -caster): Colchester, Gloucester, Chester

Eburacum/ Eboracum/ Eoforwic/ Jorvik=York  

Lindum Colonia=Lincoln

Bath

Carausius (d. 293) and Allectus (d. 296)

Constantius Chlorus (c. 250-306) and Constantine the Great (280-337)

St Patrick (400s)

Mosaic Floor, Chedworth Villa, Gloucestershire

Carausius, silver coin, c. 287

Constantius, medallion celebrating recapture of London in 296

Remains of the temple to Sulis Minerva, Bath

Anglo-Saxons: the Invasions

Germanic tribes invade and settle from 400s; Germanic mercenaries

Vortigern, Hengist and Horsa

Anglo-Saxon kingdoms

Westward expansion: 450-600

Consolidation and expansion 600-700

-ing; ingham; -ington; Hastings; Wokingham

Offa King of Angeln

Mount Badon c. 500; King Arthur

Angles

Jutes

Saxons

Gildas and Bede

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

West Saxons + Gewisse =Wessex

South Saxons=Sussex

Deira + Bernicia = Northumbria

Mercia

Tiw; Woden; Thor/ Thunor; Frig; Eostre

Anglo-Saxons: Society

Warfare and society

Social structure

Local government

Survival of British kingdoms (Strathclyde; Dumnonia; Dyfed; Gwent; Powys; Gwynedd)

Dalriada/ Dál Riata: the Scots

Gesiths; eorls; thegns

Law codes and wergild/ wergeld

ceorls; slaves and serfs

The myth of Anglo-Saxon democracy

Beowulf

Tun; Kingston

Sutton Hoo (1939); Raedwald of East Anglia; bretwalda

Helmet from Sutton Hoo burial

East Saxon silver coin, c. 685-700

Anglo-Saxons: Christianity

Christian Missions; Gregory the Great; angels and Angles

Irish Christianity; Patrick; Columba; Iona; Aidan; Lindisfarne

The Synod of Whitby 664

Augustine of Canterbury (d. 604)

Ethelbert (d. 616) and Bertha of Kent

Edwin of Northumbria (converted 627); Oswald; Oswy

Vernal equinox and Easter

Anglo-Saxons: the Church

Organization of the English Church; Wilfrid (Ripon; York) and Theodore of Tarsus (Canterbury)

Synod of Hertford 672

Benedict Biscop; Wearmouth and Jarrow

Minsters; monasteries and parish churches

14 dioceses/ sees/ bishoprics, under the Archbishop of Canterbury

canons

Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731)

Iona Abbey

Iona Abbey

Lindisfarne

Lindisfarne Priory

The Lindisfarne Gospels, c. 715

Whitby Abbey

Anglo-Saxons: the 700s: Wessex and Northumbria

Wessex

Northumbria; Mercia

Wessex: King Ine (ruled 688-726)

Northumbria: culture and learning.

Phony monks; Dumnonia

Alcuin (732-804;) Charlemagne; Carolingian Renaissance; miniscule

Disputed successions

Anglo-Saxons: the Rise of Mercia in the 700s

Ethelbald of Mercia (r.716-757)

Offa (r.757-796): “Rex Anglorum”

Offa’s Dyke

Bookland

Tamworth; Lichfield

Tribal Hidage

ealdormen

Mercia: takes over Sussex (by 771;) Kent (by 785;)

superior over Wessex by 786; beheading of King of East Anglia 794.

Coinage; trade with Baghdad

International diplomacy: Charlemagne

Gold Dinar of Offa

The Viking Invasions

Rise of Wessex 800s; Egbert; Ethelwulf; Dumnonia

Viking Invasions; large attack 851

865: the Great Army; Halfdan, Ivarr the Boneless, and Guthrum

Ethelred, Ealdorman of (western) Mercia

The blood eagle; drinking from skulls

Vikings = pirates; raids from 789; 830s-860s almost annual raids

865-870s: Vikings settle in North, East Anglia, and Eastern Mercia

St Edmund martyred 869 (Bury St Edmunds)

Alfred the Great (r. 871-99)

The founder of England?

Navy; army; education; books; law

Edward the Elder (d. 924) and Aethelflaed;

       Ethelred, Ealdorman of Mercia

Athelstan (d.939)

Eric Bloodaxe

Norse; Dublin

Viking settlements

Edington 878

London 886; Treaty 886

Danelaw; -kirk; -by; -thorp(e)

burhs

Counties of 1200/ 2400 hides; a hide = 120 acres

wapentakes and hundreds

thraell; leysing; bondi hold; jarl

Alba develops from Dalriada  - or Dál Riata c. 900

Offa’s Dyke

A Viking penny, minted at York c. 900

Penny of Queen Cynethryth, 780s-790s

Reconstruction of a Viking Ship

Famous statue of Alfred in Winchester

The Alfred Jewel; inscribed "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN"

Alfred the Great, London penny

Edgar, Ethelred the Unready, and Vikings again

Edgar and the monks; Dunstan and Oswald

Regularis Concordia 970

Edward the Martyr (d. 978) and Ethelred the Unready (d. 1016); Aethelflaed the White Duck, and Aelfthryth

Renewed Viking Raids 990s

Edgar the Peaceful / Peaceable (942-975)

Glastonbury

Rule of Saint Benedict

Ealdorman Athelstan, the Half-King

Danegeld

Olaf Tryggvason

Battle of Maldon: 991

Swein Forkbeard,          (d. 1014)

Emma of Normandy (daughter of Duke Richard)

Glastonbury Abbey

Penny of Ethelred II (the Unready), c. 1000; minted by Godwine at Winchester

Cnut and his successors

The Reign of Cnut (1016-1035)

Cnut recognized as supreme over Britain

1018 Strathclyde divided (on death of its last king, Owein the Bald) between England and Alba (Alba itself had developed from Dalriada  - or Dál Riata)

Edmund Ironside (d. 1016)

Earl Godwin

Earl Leofric

housecarls and heregeld

Harold I (Harefoot) (r. 1035-1040)

Harthacnut (r. 1040-1042)

Late Anglo-Saxon Society

Later Anglo-Saxon Society

The economy: open-field farming; water-mills; guilds

Urbanization; mints

Thegns; parish churches

sheriffs

tithings

frankpledge

thegns

geburs

geneats

sake and soke

the jury

writs

the fyrd and the five-hide estate

The end of Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest (1066)

1066: Harold Godwinson took power (as King Harold II) on the death of Edward the Confessor (his brother-in-law) (r. 1042-66)

Harold claimed that Edward had appointed him his successor

The claim was challenged by Harold Hardrada of Norway and then by William Duke of Normandy

Aelfgifu of Northampton

Harold Harefoot (r. 1035-1040)

Emma of Normandy

Harthacnut (r. 1040-1042)

Edward the Confessor   (r. 1042-1066)

Edith

Tostig Godwinson

Stamford Bridge:  Sept. 25, 1066

Hastings: Oct. 14, 1066

The death of Harold II at Hastings, 1066; from the Bayeux tapestry

The Norman Conquest

Normanization under Edward the Confessor; Robert of Jumièges Archbishop of Canterbury)

Anglo-Saxon Rebellions

Impact of the Conquest: feudalism and the growth of bureaucracy

Edgar the Atheling (c.1052- c.1125)

Hereward the Wake

 Malcolm III, King of Scots

Earl Waltheof (of Northumbria)

The harrying of the North

Penny of William I, minted at Exeter, c. 1083-1086

Feudalism

Feudum/ fief/ enfeoff

Subinfeudation (to 1290)

Types of inheritance: primogeniture; gavelkind; borough English

Roland the Farter

Tenant in chief

Mesne lord

Tenures: sergeanty; frankalmoign; knight’s service; socage; villeinage (serfdom)

Scutage; aids; reliefs; primer seisin;  escheat

Wardship

Norman England

Domesday Book 1086

The Conqueror's Successors:

Robert (Curthose; Duke of Normandy; d. 1134)

William II (Rufus) (r. 1087-1100)

Henry I (Beauclerk) (r. 1100-1135)

Livelode

Battle of Tinchebray 1106

William Clito (d. 1128)

Ranulf Flambard

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury

The assize of moneyers, 1125

Domesday Book, 1086

William I and his successors (manuscript of the mid-1200s)

Development of administrative institutions

The Exchequer (scaccarium)

The school of Laon

Abacus

The Dialogue of the Exchequer c. 1170

Adelard of Bath

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury

Nigel, Bishop of Ely

Richard FitzNigel

Tally sticks

Writs (number doubled 1087-1135)

Tally sticks

The Norman Church

Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII 1073)

Gregorian Reforms

Normanization

Archbishop Stigand (deposed 1070; d. 1072)

Archbishop Lanfranc     (d. 1089)

Archbishop Anselm (d. 1109)

Monastic expansion

canon law

celibacy

simony

nepotism

The ontological proof

Church courts

Archdeaconries; deaneries

Cluniacs; Cistercians; Augustinians

The Ontological Proof of the Existence of God

The term God is a word for the most perfect conceivable entity

If two entities are alike in all respects except that one exists and one does not exist, then the entity which does exist is more perfect than the one which does not exist

A non-existent God would not be the most perfect conceivable entity, as an existent God would be more perfect

So God exists

Rievaulx Abbey (North Yorkshire); founded by Cistercians 1132

Matilda, Stephen (r. 1135-1154) and Civil War (“The Anarchy”)

Empress Matilda (Maude) (c 1103-1162)

Stephen (c. 1096-1154) of Blois – King Stephen

Eustace (d. 1153) and William (d. 1159)

Stephen Count of Blois; Theobald Count of Blois

Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester; papal legate

Geoffrey (Plantagenet) Count of Anjou (1113-1151)

Prince William and the White Ship, 1120

Emperor Henry V

Adela (1067-1137)

Roger, Bishop of Salisbury

Robert Earl of Gloucester

Henry, Duke of Normandy (1150), Count of Anjou (1151); m. Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1152 (= Henry II (1133-89)

sheriffs; Beauchamp (Worcestershire)

Scarborough Castle; built by William of Aumale in the 1130s, and rebuilt by Henry II in the 1160s

Henry II: the Restoration of Order; Ireland

Restoring order, especially in the north

Ireland: the papal bull (“Laudabiliter”) of 1155; the Waterford landing of 1171.

John of Salisbury

Richard FitzGilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke (= Strongbow)

William of Aumale; Scarborough

Malcolm IV of Scots (r. 1152-1165)

Pope Hadrian/ Adrian IV (r. 1154-1159) (Nicholas Breakspear)

Carrickfergus Castle, built by John de Courcy after his invasion of Ulster in 1177

Henry II and Thomas Becket

Thomas Becket (c.1120-1170)

Henry "the Young King“ (d. 1183)

Richard I (1157-1199)

Geoffrey of Brittany (1158-1186)

John (1167-1216)

Constitutions of Clarendon 1164

excommunication

Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204)

William the Lion, King of Scots (c. 1142-1214)

Becket’s Murder, on the Seal of Arbroath Abbey (Scotland; founded 1178)

Canterbury Cathedral, site of Becket’s murder and of a famous shrine to him.

Henry II and Common Law

Centralization of justice under king’s control

Assizes

Assize of Clarendon:1166

Assize of Northampton: 1176

Assize of Arms: 1181

The King's Justices

Law and property

Trial by ordeal (water; iron)

Jury of presentment

Novel disseisin

Mort d'ancestor

Justices in Eyre

Kings Bench

Common Pleas

Exchequer

primogeniture

Ranulf Glanville (chief justiciar)

Richard I (r. 1189-1199)

Absentee King: 1190-2 on crusade; 1192-4 a captive of Leopold V of Austria and the Emperor Henry VI; 1194-9 in France

Philip II Augustus, King of France (r. 1180-1223)

Third Crusade 1189-1192

Battle of Arsuf: Sept. 7, 1191; Richard defeats Saladin

Treaty 1192: Christians gain access to Jerusalem

Hubert Walter (chief justiciar 1193-8)

Chateau Gaillard 1197-8

Reconstruction of Chateau Gaillard, built 1197-1198

Twelfth-Century Renaissance

Idea that moderns have overtaken ancients: Chrétien de Troyes; Frederick Barbarossa

Spread of writing

Philosophy: scholasticism

Literature: revival of English

Architecture: Gothic style

“wandering scholars”

Peter Abelard (1079-1142)

St Anselm

Universities: Bologna; Paris; Oxford; Cambridge

The Owl and the Nightingale

John of Salisbury; Policraticus

Carmina Burana

York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe

King John (b. 1167; r. 1199-1216): Introduction

Lackland; Softsword

Ireland: Lord of Ireland from 1185; unsuccessful and mismanaged expedition there 1185

Bad-tempered; energetic; vindictive; suspicious

Fulk Fitzwarin and the chess game

Poitou; Poitevins

Peter des Roches (d. 1238) (chief justiciar 1214)

John as Lord of Ireland, Halfpenny of 1190-1198, Dublin mint

Penny of Richard I or John, 1194-c.1200; Canterbury

King John: the loss of Normandy, 1204

Arthur, Duke of Brittany, 1187-1203

Philip Augustus

Isabelle of Angoulême (b. c. 1188)

Hugh the Brown, Count of Lusignan

Mirabeau 1202 (saving mother Eleanor)

Loss of Normandy 1203-4.

Loss of Anjou, Touraine, Maine, and northern Poitou, 1203-1206.

Loss of rest of Poitou (including La Rochelle) by 1224.

John, the Church and the Barons

Stephen Langton

Pope Innocent III

Energetic administration: Hubert Walter

Expeditions to Scottish border 1209 (William the Lion submits); Ireland 1210; Wales 1211; Poitou 1206, 1214.

Interdict 1207/8-1214

Suspicious and vindictive towards barons

William of Briouze (Braose). Matilda

Emperor Otto of Brunswick

Battle of Bouvines 1214

Carucage (Danegeld; geld)

scutage

The Crisis of John’s Reign 1214-1216.

1214: defeat at Bouvines of John’s allies; humiliating surrender to Pope in Interdict crisis

1214: tax strike in North

1215: baronial revolt

1215: to appease barons, John’s agrees at Runnymede to Magna Carta

1216: Louis, son of Philip Augustus, invades England; captures London June 2.

1216: October: John dies

Magna Carta 1215

Magna Carta: 63 chapters (clauses)

Chapter 2: reliefs limited to a maximum of £100.

Chapter 12: the king shall not levy scutage except by common counsel

Chapter 14: taxes to be voted by the barons, bishops, and abbots

Chapter 39: no free man shall be imprisoned or dispossessed except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land (due process)

Chapter 61: the clauses are to be enforced by twenty-five barons elected by all the barons, acting with the “commune/ community of the whole realm.”

Magna Carta Monument at Runnymede, erected by the American Bar Association in 1957

Text of the reissue of Magna Carta in 1217 (this copy is c. 1310)

Henry III (1207-72) (r. 1216-72)

Defeat of the French and of the rebel barons 1216-17

Magna Carta revived

William the Marshal, Earl of Pembroke (c. 1146-1219)

Cardinal Guala

Peter des Roches

Ranulf, Earl of Chester

Hubert de Burgh (c. 1170-1243)

Battles: Dover and Lincoln, 1217

Albigensian crusade 1209-29

Honorius III (1216-27)

Bracton (Henry of Bracton or Bratton; d. 1268)

De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae

Justices in eyre

Henry III’s personal rule 1227-58

Peter des Roches

Peter des Rivaulx (des Rivaux; de Rivallis) (d. 1262)

Fall of Hubert de Burgh 1232

Rebellion 1233-4

Renewed autocracy from 1236

Westminster Abbey

Corpus Juris Civilis; canon law

Engelard de Cigogné

Emperor Frederick II

Robert Grosseteste (c. 1170-1253); friars

Communes (North Italy)

Inquisition

 Eleanor of Provence; Peter and Boniface of Savoy

curiales

Westminster Abbey, built by Edward the Confessor and rebuilt by Henry III; both are buried there

Henry III: rebellion and aftermath, 1258-72

Princes Edward and Edmund

Provisions of Oxford 1258: power to be shared between King, nobles and Parliament

Simon de Montfort (c. 1208-1265)

Lewes: May 14,1264

Evesham, Aug. 4, 1265

Sicily; Hohenstaufen

Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk

Hugh Bigod

The Peace of Paris 1259

The Mise of Amiens 1264

Simon de Montfort; a portrait in marble in the Chamber of the House of Representatives; made in 1950

Medieval Society

Social structure in 1086:

About 90% of the population lived in the countryside

73% were villeins (villani; bordars and cottars)

14% were freemen/ sokemen

Population growth: 2.25 million 1086; 5.75 1230; 6.5 1300

Population gets freer but poorer

Demesne

Cog

Windmills

Recovery of the north; Leeds; Liverpool

Harvest sensitivity

Two field and three field systems

Walter of Henley’s Husbandry (mid-1200s)

An English Cog of the 1300s

The Medieval Church

Clerical celibacy enforced

Increasing religiosity

Monks and nuns: 1066 1000; 1135 over 4000; early 1300s 17,500

Novitiate

Administrative centralization

Last new dioceses until 1500s: Ely (1108); Carlisle (1133)

Walter Langton (Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield; d. 1321)

Parishes

Nuncios

Oxford and Cambridge Universities

Friars; Dominicans 1221; Franciscans 1224; Carmelites and Austin Friars 1240s

Jews expelled: July 18, 1290

Ely Cathedral

Medieval Government

Great Seal

Privy Seal

Secretary

Taxation; customs; the problem of rebellion (John; Henry III)

Marcher Lordships (Welsh border)

The Palatinate of Durham

Chancery/Chancellor

Treasurer

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Sheriffs

Justices of the Peace

Patronage; wardship

Progresses

The Great Seal of Edward III, 1340

Edward I (1239-1307; r. 1272-1307)

Longshanks; the English Justinian; the Hammer of the Scots

Legal changes

Professional common lawyers

Year Books from 1292

Writ Circumspecte agatis clarifies border between secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction 1285

1274: local investigations lead to the Hundred Rolls

1275 Statute of Westminster I; land law

1278 Statute of Gloucester: quo warranto proceedings to recover lost royal rights 

1279: Statute of Mortmain

1285: Statute of Westminster II; entailment

1290: Statute of Quo Warranto; rights recognized if exercised from 1189

Statute of Westminster III: end of subinfeudation 

Edward I Groat (= 4 pence); after 1279

Edward I at War; Robert the Bruce

1277, 1282-3: conquest of Wales

Alexander III, King of Scots (r. 1249-1286)

Margaret the Maid of Norway (1282/3-1290)

Philip IV of France

John de Warenne, Earl of Warenne and Surrey

Arbroath Abbey

Edward Bruce (d.1318)

John Balliol (c. 1248-1314; King John of Scots 1292-6)

Robert (the) Bruce (or de Brus; c. 1220-1295)

The Auld Alliance

Sir William Wallace (d. 1305; Braveheart)

Robert I (Robert the Bruce; 1274-1329)

Bannockburn 1314

Westminster Abbey, Coronation Chair, including the Stone of Scone

Statue of Robert I (the Bruce) at Stirling (1877)

Caltrops like this one were used by the Scots at Bannockburn, 1314

Edward I: Politics and Parliament

The Crisis of 1297-1298

Gascony

Rebellion in Wales 1294-5; war in Scotland 1296-7

Riccardi

Boniface VIII

Clericis Laicos 1296

Humphrey de Bohun d. 1298

Magna Carta confirmed 1297

Convocation

Witan/ witenagemot

Great and small councils

Simon de Montfort

Knights of the shire; burgesses

The Model Parliament: 1295

House of Lords; House of Commons

Elected members fully authorized; community of interest between Lords and Commons

Edward II (1284-1327; r. 1307-27)

Early years 1307-11: Piers Gaveston (d. 1312)

The Ordinances of 1311

Thomas, Earl of Lancaster (son of Edward I’s brother Edmund; d. 1322)

Middle years, 1312-22

The final years, 1322-27

Isabella (1295-1358; later called the She-Wolf of France; married Edward in 1308) 

Bannockburn 1314

Roger Mortimer, Earl of March (1287-1330)

Walter Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter and Treasurer

Hugh Despenser (father and son)

Henry, Earl of Lancaster (d. 1345)

The Execution of Hugh Despenser the Younger, November 1326

Edward III (1312-77; r. 1327-77)

1327-30: Regency of Isabella and Mortimer

1330: the King takes control

1337-1453: Hundred Years War

Edward the Black Prince (1330-76)

Capetian dynasty dies out 1328

Salic Law

Sluys 1340

Crecy 1346

Calais 1347

Poitiers 1356

The longbow

John II of France, captive 1356-60

Treaty 1360-9

A Gold Noble of Edward III (6s 8d)

An English Longbow

Battle of Crécy 1346

France in 1360

Edward III, Parliament, and National Self-Consciousness

Opposition to war taxation 1339-43

1341: Commons assert that royal ministers are accountable to Parliament

Robert of Tweng 1231-2

1258 barons write to shires in English

Debates in Parliament in English mid-1300s; debates in Convocation in English 1370s

Property deeds in English from 1376; wills from 1387

English becomes standardized

Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400)

The French move the Pope to Avignon 1308-78

Anticlericalism

The Good Parliament 1376

Impeachment

The Wife of Bath, in the Ellesmere manuscript of Chaucer, early 1400s

The Black Death and later plagues

The Black Death 1348-9

More plagues: 1360-2 (the Grey Death); 1369; 1375

Attempts to control wages 1349, 1351

Bubonic plague;

Great Famine: 1315-1317

Halesowen

Livestock Disease: 1319-1321

Tusmore

Black rat (rattus rattus)

septicaemic plague; pneumonic plague

A Flea, carrier of Plague

Burial of Plague Victims, 1352

The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381

Poll taxes 1377, 1379, 1381

Archbishop Simon Sudbury

John of Gaunt

Wat Tyler

John Ball: “When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the Gentleman?”

The peasants’ demands: abolition of villeinage; land to be held at 4d per acre; church to lose wealth

Death of Wat Tyler, 1381

Richard II and the Appellants

Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford and Duke of Ireland

Michael de la Pole

Radcot Bridge 1387

The Merciless parliament 1388

The Lords Appellant:

Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester

Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel

Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham

Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick

Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby

Richard recovers power, 1389-99; and loses it, 1399

Nottingham becomes Duke of Norfolk

Derby becomes Duke of Hereford

Norfolk and Hereford quarrel and are exiled

Death of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster

Giles of Rome

Sir John Bussy

Sir William Bagot

Sir Henry Green

Richard Whittington (Dick Whittington)

Edmund of Langley, Duke of York

Richard II 1398

Henry IV (1366-1413; r. 1399-1413)

The claim of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (1391-1425)

Rebellions 1400-1409

Percy family: Earls of Northumberland and Worcester; Henry Percy (Hotspur)

Wales: Owain Glyn Dwr (Owen Glendower) (c. 1359-c. 1416)

Shrewsbury 1403 Worcester, Hotspur)

Archbishop Scrope (York), Northumberland and Nottingham 1405

Bramham Moor 1408 (Northumberland again)

Faction at court 1409-13

Growth of parliament

Tomb of Henry IV and his Widow, Joan of Navarre, in Canterbury Cathedral

Seal of Owain Glyn Dwr, Prince of Wales, 1404

Henry V 1386/7-1422 (r. 1413-22)

1392 onwards: King Charles VI of France has bouts of insanity

1410: factional strife in France degenerates into civil war

1412: an English army crosses France

1415: Henry invades France

1415: Harfleur; Agincourt Agincourt: (Oct. 25).

1419: fall of Rouen

1419: murder of Duke John of Burgundy on orders of Dauphin Charles; Burgundians join Henry

1420: Treaty of Troyes

The plot of Richard Earl of Cambridge, 1415

K. B. McFarlane

Henry V

Lollards

Sir John Oldcastle (d. 1417)

Growth of literacy

Anticlericalism

John Wycliff (d. 1384)

John of Gaunt

Archbishop Thomas Arundel

Rebellion 1413

Lollards attack wealth and powers of the clergy; transubstantiation; the worship of images

Lollards translate the bible into English

Lollard knights under Richard II

Act de haeretico comburendo 1401

Lollard Bible, late 1300s

Henry VI (1421-71; r. 1422-61; 1470-1:) End of the Hundred Years War

John, Duke of Bedford

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

Henry Beaufort, Cardinal Bishop of Winchester

Margaret of Anjou (1430-82)

Verneuil 1424

Joan of Arc (c.1412-1431;) Orléans

1435: death of Bedford; Burgundians change sides

1445: Henry VI marries Margaret

1450: loss of Normandy

1453: loss of Gascony

Joan of Arc (Jeanne d’Arc) 1429

France c. 1428

Henry VI: Onset of the Wars of the Roses

William de Pole, Earl and Duke of Suffolk (d. 1450)

Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset (d. 1455)

Margaret of Anjou

Jack Cade's Rebellion 1450

Prince Edward (1453-1471)

Richard, Duke of York (1411-1460); Protector 1454-5, 1455-6.

Cecily Neville

Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury

Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick

Henry VI

Margaret of Anjou, Medal of 1460-1464

Henry VI: the Wars of the Roses, 1455-60

1455: Battle of St Albans

Percys/ Percies

1455: Warwick made Governor of Calais

1459: Battles of Blore Heath (Yorkist victory) and Ludford Bridge (Yorkist defeat)

1459: the Parliament of Devils at Coventry; Attainder of the Yorkists

1460: Yorkist victory at the battle of Northampton; they capture Henry VI

1460: December 30: defeat and death of York at Wakefield

The House of York

Lancastrians/ Beauforts

Introducing the Tudors

Henry V m. Catherine m. Owen Tudor

               |                     |

         Henry VI          Edmund Tudor

                          m. Margaret Beaufort

                           |

                          Henry VII

The Wars of the Roses 1461-1465: Edward IV replaces Henry VI

Edward IV (1442-83; r. 1461-70; 1471-83)

1461 (February): St Albans: Yorkists lose Henry VI

1461 (March): Mortimer’s Cross: Yorkist victory

1461 (March): Towton: Yorkist victory; largest battle

1464: Hexham

1465: Yorkists recapture Henry VI

Jasper Tudor; Owen Tudor; Edmund Tudor

Catherine Valois, widow of Henry V

Edward IV

Edward IV, the Woodvilles, and Warwick the Kingmaker, 1465-71

Elizabeth Woodville (c. 1437-1492; m. Sir John Grey 1456; m. Edward IV 1464)

George, Duke of Clarence (1449-78)

Isabel Neville (m. Clarence 1469)

Anne Neville (m. Edward Prince of Wales 1470)

The Readeption of Henry VI, 1470-1

Thomas Grey, Marquess of Dorset

Richard Neville, earl of Warwick (the Kingmaker; 1428-71)

Rehabilitation of the Percy family

Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy (1442-1503)

livelode

Barnet 1471

Tewkesbury 1471

Elizabeth Woodville

Warwick Castle, stronghold of the Kingmaker

Wars of the Roses: Intermission 1471-83

1471: death of Edward, Prince of Wales at Tewkesbury; Murder of Henry VI; capture of Margaret of Anjou (exiled 1475)

1471: Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, and Jasper Tudor flee to Brittany

1478: Clarence drowned in a butt of malmsey wine

Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1452-85; Richard III, r. 1483-5)

Edward V (1470-83; r. 1483)

Richard, Duke of York (1473-83)

Wars of the Roses: Final Phase 1483-87

The Princes in the Tower

1483: Rebellions; Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham (1455-83)

Margaret Beaufort (1443-1509)

Edmund Tudor (c.1430-56)

Bosworth, August 1485

Stoke 1487

Henry Tudor (Earl of Richmond; Henry VII: 1457-1509; r. 1485-1509)

Catesby; Ratcliffe; Lovell

Sir William Stanley (c. 1435-95; brother-in-law of Margaret Beaufort)

Elizabeth of York (1466-1503)

Lambert Simnel

Richard III

Wars of the Roses: Explanations

Bastard Feudalism

Dynastic struggle

Nobles struggle for control of crown; magnates; patronage

The end of the Hundred Years’ War

Weakness of the monarchy

Calais

Paston Letters

Affinity; retainer; indenture; maintenance; embracery; good lordship; worship

Feoffees to use

Local rivalries: Percy v. Neville; Devon v. Bonville and Wiltshire; Blount v. Longford

Henry VII

Establishing Control

Rebellions

The Tudor dynasty

Domestic and foreign policy

Henry's advisers

Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell (1454-1487)

Lambert Simnel (c.1477-c.1534)

Stoke: June 16, 1487

Perkin Warbeck (c. 1474-1499)

Attainder

Recognisances

Treaty of Redon: 1489

Medina del Campo: 1489

Henry VIII

Peaceful Accession

Britain in 1509

Henry’s Early Reign

Gerald Fitzgerald, 8th Earl of Kildare (1477-1513)

"Black" Tom Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond, (1532-1614)

Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536)

“Spurs”: Aug. 16, 1513

Flodden: Sept. 9, 1513

Henry VIII and Wolsey

The rise of Wolsey

Wolsey's domestic policy

Wolsey's foreign policy

Thomas Wolsey (c.1470-1530)

Hunne's Case: 1515

Amicable Grant: 1525

Treaty of London: Oct. 1518

Battle of Pavia: Feb. 23-24, 1525

Cambrai: August 1529

England in 1529

Society and economy

Government

Population: 2.5 million

Enclosure

Inns of Court

House of Commons

House of Lords

burgesses

The Henrician Reformation

Course of the Henrician Reformation

Causes of the Henrician Reformation

Henry Fitzroy (1519-1536)

Anne Boleyn (c. 1501-1536)

praemunire

Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates: 1532

Act of Supremacy: 1534

Thomas Cromwell  (1485-1540)

The English Reformation II

Henry VIII's Religion

The Protestant view

The Catholic view

Other considerations

Pilgrimage of Grace: 1536

Administrative and social reform

Tudor Government: A Revolution?

Institutional changes in the English Church

Bureaucratic Reform

Cromwell's social reforms

Dissolution of the Monasteries: 1536,1540

Thomas Cranmer (c.1485-1556)

Sanctuary

Council of the North 

Vicegerent in Spirituals: 1535

Court of First Fruits and Tenths: 1540

Court of Wards: 1540

Privy Council

Henry VIII and Edward VI

Court faction in the 1540s

Renewed War

The Great Debasement

Henry’s Death: Jan. 28, 1547

Edward’s Accession

Anne of Cleves (1515-1557)

Catherine Howard (c.1523-1542)

Catherine Parr (c.1512-1548)

Edward VI

The Rule of Somerset

Somerset's religious policies

Society and economy

Rebellion

The Fall of Somerset

Northumberland's administration

Northumberland and religion 

Economy

Foreign policy

Edward VI’s Death: July 6, 1553

Edward Seymour (c.1506-1552)

Pinkie: Sept. 10, 1547

Robert Kett (1492-1549)

John Dudley (1502-1553)

vestiarian controversy

Forty-Two Articles  

 “Queen” Jane & Queen Mary

The Fall of Northumberland

Mary’s Arrival in London: Aug. 3, 1553

A Spanish husband

Mary's religious policies

Society and economy

Wyatt's rebellion: 1554

Foreign policy

Government and administration

The Mid-Tudor Crisis?

Jane Grey (1537-1553)

Reginald Pole (1500-1558)

Philip II (1527-1598)

Muscovy Company

Book of Rates: 1558

Sir Thomas Wyatt (c. 1521-1554)

 Elizabeth I

Accession: Nov. 17, 1558

Elizabeth's advisers

Patronage

Elizabeth I & her parliaments

The House of Commons

The House of Lords

Relations with parliament

William Cecil (1520-1598)

Francis Walsingham (1532-1590)

Robert Cecil (1563-1612)

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 

Robert Dudley (1532-1588)

Christopher Hatton (1540-92)

Walter Raleigh (1552-1618)

Borough

Elizabeth I's Foreign Policy

France

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis: April 1559

Charles IX (1550-1574)

Huguenots

Massacre of Saint Bartholomew: August 1572

Francis, Duke of Anjou (1555-1584)

Edict of Nantes:April 1598

Elizabeth I's Foreign Policy II

Spain and the Netherlands; the Dutch Revolt 1568-1648

Anglo-Spanish naval conflict

Scotland: The Protestant rebellion 1559-60

The rule of Mary 1560-1567

Mary in England 1568-1587

James VI of Scotland (1566-1625)

Charles V (1500-1558)

Sir Francis Drake (c.1540-1596)

The Spanish Armada 1588

John Knox (c.1514-1572)

James Stewart, Earl of Moray (1531/2-1570)

Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587)

Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley (1545-1567)

James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell (1534/5-1578)

Ridolfi Plot: 1570

Babington Plot: 1586

Elizabeth and Ireland

Henry VIII’s Polices

The Tyrone Rebellion: 1594-1603

The English in Ireland

Henry Sidney (1529-1586)

Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond (c.1533-1583)

Turlough O'Neill (1531-1595)

Hugh O'Neill (1550-1616)

Clontibert: 1595

Yellow Ford: 1598

Charles Blount, Baron Mountjoy (1563-1606)

Kinsale: 1601     

Elizabeth’s Domestic Policy

Establishment of the Church of England

The problem of the succession

The Catholic threat

Measures against Catholics

The Spanish Armada 1588

Ireland and the Nine Years’ war (1594-1603)

Hugh O’Neill, earl of Tyrone (c. 1550-1616)

The Presbyterian movement

prophesyings

Separatists/ Brownists

Economic problems

Act of Supremacy/Act of Uniformity : 1559

John Jewel (1522-1571)

Richard Hooker (1554-1600)

John Whitgift (c. 1530-1604)

Edmund Grindal (c. 1519-1583)

Jesuits

Robert Parsons (1546-1610)

Edmund Campion (1540-1581)

Thomas Cartwright (1535-1603)

Robert Browne (1540-1630)

recusancy

Elizabethan  Exploration

Trade and Exploration

The Northwest passage

English colonization

England and the East

John (c.1450-c.1498) and Sebastian Cabot (c. 1484-c.1557)

Martin Frobisher (1535-1594)

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sir Francis Drake

Sir John Hawkins

Roanoke Island: Virginia

Levant Company

Barbary Company

East India Company (1600)  

James I

James’ personality

Catholics

Puritans

Finance

England and Scotland

James and Parliament

The Essex Divorces Case 1613

Carr (Somerset), Frances Howard and Sir Thomas Overbury: murder in the Tower of London 1613

The Gunpowder Plot: 1605

Oath of Allegiance: 1606

Millenary Petition: 1603

Hampton Court Conference: 1604

John Smith the se-Baptist

Henry Jacob and the semi-Separatists/ Independents/ Congregationalists

Bate’s Case: 1606

Impositions

Great Contract 1610

Sir Robert Carr (c.1587-1645)

James I & Buckingham

The rise of Buckingham

Buckingham's circle

Economic Crisis

Gondomar

Foreign policy; Frederick V and Elizabeth, the Winter King and Queen; the Palatinate

Parliament 1621

Jack and Tom Smith ride to Madrid 1623

Parliament 1624

James’ death: March 25, 1625

George Villiers (1592-1628)

Cockayne Project, of 1614-17

Thirty Years War: 1618-1648

monopolies

impeachment

Sir Francis Bacon

The Spanish Match

The Protestation of the House of Commons, December 1621

Charles I

Accession of Charles

The Parliament of 1625

The Crisis of 1626

The Parliament of 1626

The Forced Loan 1626-7

The Five Knights Case

Sibthorpe, Maynwaring, & Montagu

The La Rochelle Expedition

Divine Right of Kings

Henrietta Maria (1609-1669)

Breda: May 26, 1625

tonnage and poundage

Cadiz, Oct 1625

Sir John Eliot (1592-1632)

habeas corpus and imprisonment without cause shown

Roger Maynwaring (1590-1653)

Robert Sibthorpe (d. 1662) 

Richard Montagu (1577-1641)  

Rhé: 1627   

Charles I and Parliament

The Petition of Right

The murder of Buckingham, August 1628

After Buckingham

The Parliamentary session of 1629

Dissolution of Parliament: March 1629

Thomas Wentworth (1593-1641)

Edward Coke (1552-1634)

John Selden (1584-1654)

John Rolle

Benjamin Valentine

Denzil Holles
(1598-1680)   

Charles’ Personal Rule

Finance

William Laud and the Church

Thomas Wentworth (Earl of Strafford) and Ireland

Charles I and Scotland; the new Prayer Book, 1637; the National Covenant 1638

Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford (1593-1641)

distraint of knighthood

forest laws

Ship Money

Declaration of Sports

William Prynne (1600-1669)

Henry Burton and John Bastwick

The Bishops’ Wars 1639-1640

Charles Isolated & the Road to War

The Short Parliament: 1640

The Second Bishops' War: 1640

The meeting of the Long Parliament: Nov. 1640

The execution of Strafford

Constitutional reforms

Parliament divided

The Irish Revolt

The attempt on the Five Members

Treaty of Ripon: Oct. 1640

John Pym (1584-1643)

Attainder of Strafford, May 1641

Root and Branch Bill: May 1641

Grand Remonstrance: Nov. 20, 1641 

John Hampden; Oliver St John; Denzil Holles;

William Fiennes, Viscount Saye and Sele

High Commission; Star Chamber; Triennial Act 1641

The Civil War

Sir John Hotham & Hull

From Edgehill to Turnham Green

Royalist successes

Prince Rupert

Commissions of Array

Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex (1591-1646)

Powick Bridge: Sept. 22, 1642

Adwalton Moor: June 30, 1643

Lansdown: July 5, 1643

Roundway Down: July 13, 1643

Bristol: July 26, 1643

The Civil War II

Parliament holds on

The Scots join against the royalists

Marston Moor: July 2, 1644

Parliament victorious

Parliament divided

The end of the First Civil War

Newbury: Sept. 20, 1643

Westminster Assembly

Solemn League and Covenant: Sept. 25, 1643

Eastern Association; Manchester

Self Denying Ordinance 1645

Naseby: June 14, 1645

New Model Army

Presbyterians

Independents

The end of Charles I

Charles’ surrender:  May 5, 1646

Presbyterians and Independents

Denzil Holles

New Model Army Politics

The army occupies London 1647

The second Civil War

Pride's Purge 6 December 1648

Trial and execution: Jan. 30, 1649

Langport: July 10, 1645

Levellers

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

Henry Ireton

The Preston Campaign: July - August 1648

Sir Thomas Fairfax, Maidstone and Colchester, June-August 1648

The Commonwealth

The establishment of the Commonwealth

Ireland

Scotland

Worcester

The Dutch war 1652-4

The dissolution of the Rump Parliament: April 1653

Rump Parliament

Drogheda: Sept. 1649

Wexford: Oct. 1649

Act for the Settlement of Ireland: August 1652

Dunbar: Sept. 3, 1650

Worcester: Sept. 3, 1651

Navigation Act: Oct. 1651

The Protectorate

Oliver Cromwell

The Nominated ("Barebones") Parliament

The Instrument of Government 1653

The Major-Generals 1655-7

The Second Protectorate Parliament 1656-8

Cromwell's Military Successes

The Death of Cromwell

Penruddock's rising: March 1655

Baptists

Quakers

James Naylor (1618-1660)

Upper House

The Humble Petition and Advice: 1657

The Battle of the Dunes: June 14, 1658

Dunkirk

The Restoration & Charles II

The Succession of Richard Cromwell

George Monck's march

Charles II

Anglicans and Dissenters

London's disasters

Second Dutch War: 1665-1667

Third Dutch War: 1672-74

Tories and Whigs

Richard Cromwell (1626-1712)

Declaration of Breda: April 1660

Convention Parliament: April 1660

Cavalier Parliament: 1661-1679

Great Plague: 1665

Fire of London: Sept. 1666 

Declaration of Indulgence: 1672

Popish Plot: 1678-1681

James II & The Glorious Revolution

Exclusion Crisis

James’ Accession 1685

The Glorious Revolution 1688

The Revolution Settlement 1689

The Trial of the Seven Bishops

William III (1650-1702)

Mary II (1662-1694)

Declaration of Rights/ Bill of Rights, 1689

Battle of the Boyne: July 1690

Anne (1665-1714)

Claudius, 41-54 A.D.

Roman Walls

Hadrian’s Wall: Cycle Map

Hadrian’s Wall

Lancastrians/ Beauforts

Introducing the Tudors

Henry V m. Catherine m. Owen Tudor

               |                     |

         Henry VI          Edmund Tudor

                          m. Margaret Beaufort

                           |

                          Henry VII