Geoffrey Parker, European Society and the Economy
(this is a chapter from Parker’s excellent book Europe in Crisis 1598-1648, Blackwell 2001, which is well worth buying and is available in paperback)

Scott A. Mandia, The Little Ice Age in Europe (very short)

Wolfgang Behringer, Climatic Change and Witch-Hunting: the Impact of the Little Ice Age on Mentalities

Emerson Thomas McMullen, “The origin of Descartes’ mechanical philosophy” (short)

How the 'New Science' of Cannons Shook up the Aristotelian Cosmos, Mary J. Henninger-Voss

Dutch Herring, Technology, and International Trade in the Seventeenth Century, Richard W. Unger

E. Marty and D. F. Wright, Protestantism (very short)

An article on The Reformation (very short)

A very short, important document: The Peace of Augsburg of 1555

Mark. A. Noll, a brief description of Presbyterianism, Presbyterian

Piotr Wilczek, “Catholics and Heretics: some aspects of religious debates in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth"

John Bossy, The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe

The European Economy in the Seventeenth Century: the debates about demography, agrarian capitalism, and proto-industrialization, Norris Nash

Progress and Poverty in early Modern Europe, Robert C. Allen

City Systems, Urban History, and Economic Modernity, Gary Fields

Explore these documents on the Reformation

The Thirty Years' War, J. V. Polišenský

Gustavus Adolphus(1630-2), A. W. Ward

The Mantuan Succession, 1627-31: A Sovereignty Dispute in Early Modern Europe", David Parrott

A Conflict of Empires: Spain and the Netherlands 1618-1648" J. I. Israel

A very short document on the destruction of Magdeburg in 1631

The Rise of Absolutism and Noble Rebellion in Early Modern Habsburg Austria, 1570 to 1620, Karin J. MacHardy,

The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years' War, Henry Kamen

Stanley G. Payne, The Seventeenth-Century Decline
(a good introduction by an eminent emeritus professor of this university.)

The Decline of Spain: A Historical Myth?, Henry Kamen

The Decline of Spain: A Historical Myth?, by J. I. Israel

The 'Crisis of the Aristocracy' in Seventeenth-Century Castile, Charles Jago

Richelieu
(chapter 4 of the Cambridge Modern History, vol. 4)

Richelieu's Army: a book review (very short)

and a response (also very short)

Brief extracts from Richelieu’s Political Testament 

Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII: French Foreign Policy, 1598-1615, J. Michael Hayden

The Social Foundation of French Absolutism 1610-1630, David Parker

Henry IV of France, STANLEY LEATIIES
[chapter 20 of vol. 3 of the Cambridge Modern History]

Explore the Henri IV and Henry IV's correspondence sites

The Dutch Republic
[Chapter 19 of vol. 3 of The Cambridge Modern History]

Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
[Chapter 24 of vol. 4 of The Cambridge Modern History]

"Dutch Diplomacy and the Baltic Grain Trade, 1600-1660," Francis J. Bowman

To the Attentive, Nonpartisan Reader: The Appeal to History and National Identity in the Religious Disputes of the Seventeenth-Century Netherlands, Charles H. Parker

Monarchies, Wars, and Estates in England, France, and Spain, c. 1580 - c. 1640, Conrad S. R. Russell

English and European Political Ideas in the Early Seventeenth Century: Revisionism and the Case of Absolutism, Johann P. Sommerville

King James VI & I on The Divine Right of Kings (short)

The Protestation of 1621 (very short)

The Petition of Right (1628) (very short)

The Problem of Unity in the Polish-Lithuanian State Oswald P. Backus III

"Who Was Tsar Dmitrii?", Chester Dunning

Russian Endeavors for the Polish Crown in the Seventeenth Century, Zbigniew Wojcik

Power and Towns in the Polish Gentry Commonwealth: The Polish-Lithuanian State in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Andrzej Wyrobisz

The Levellers, Agreement of the People (very short)

Women's Petition (very short)

Women's Speaking (very short)

The General Crisis of the 17th Century, H. R. Trevor-Roper

Discussion of H. R. Trevor-Roper: The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century, Roland Mousnier; J. H. Elliott; Lawrence Stone; H. R. Trevor-Roper; E. H. Kossmann; E. J. Hobsbawm; J. H. Hexter.

Cardinal Mazarin and the Great Nobility during the Fronde, Richard Bonney

Queen Christina and the General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century, Michael Roberts

Seventeenth-Century Peasant 'Furies': Some Problems of Comparative History, Michael O. Gately; A. Lloyd Moote; John E. Wills, Jr.

The Government of Louis XIV (1661-1715)
[Chapter 1 of volume 5 of The Cambridge Modern History]

The Place of Jansenism in French History , Wallace K. Ferguson

The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685 (very short)

Brief extracts from Bossuet’s Political Treatise

An Aspect of the Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: The Collapse of the Financial Administration of the French Monarchy (1653-61), Julian Dent

The foreign policy of Louis XIV, 1661-97
[chapter 2 of vol. 5 of The Cambridge Modern History]

"Louis XIV and William III, 1689-1697", Mark A. Thomson

From Dutch to European War: Louis XIV and Louvois Are Tested, Carl J. Ekberg

The Great Elector and the Foundation of the Hohenzollern Despotism, by F. L. Carsten

Peter the Great and his pupils, 1689-1725, R. Nisbet Bain
[Chapter 17 of volume 5 of The Cambridge Modern History]

The Revolution and the Revolution Settlement in Great Britain, H. W. V. Temperley
[Chapter 10 of volume 5 of The Cambridge Modern History]

The English Bill of Rights, 1689 (short)

The Toleration Act, 1689 (short)

Galileo’s Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615,   

The Crime of Galileo
[Very brief. The indictment and abjuration of Galileo, 1633.]

An essay on the Galileo Affair by Paul Newall is in four reasonably short installments:
Part I
Part II
Part III
Part IV

How Kepler Discovered the Elliptical Orbit, Eric J. Aiton

Isaac Newton: Optics
(brief extracts.)

I.Bernard Cohen, "Newton in the Light of Recent Scholarship"
(discusses Newton’s interests in such things as prophecy and alchemy.)

Women: Witnesses and Witches, Clive Holmes